Geoff Norquay

Tax reform in any democracy cannot be separated from politics any more than the broader budget process can be. Any government’s fiscal priorities are a reflection of promises kept and investments in future electoral success as much as they are a manifestation of economic stewardship and socioeconomic alchemy. And, in any functioning democracy, there are limits to over-politicization. 

Tax reform is risky for any Canadian government. When it targets personal or business income tax deductions, it can become politically perilous.

The reason tax reform is so hard is pretty simple. Successive governments tinker with the tax system. Bit by bit, they add specific deductions, write-offs, credits and deferrals, mostly for justifiable public policy reasons, including the incentivization of certain economic activities (investing in R&D, saving for retirement or for post-secondary study, making charitable contributions); the cost alleviation of certain unavoidable realities of life, (parenting, aging, living with disability); and more politically expedient tax expenditures that benefit certain constituents (capital gains tax exemptions, tax breaks for private jet owners).

Over time, as these provisions get “baked into” the system, broad classes of taxpayers organize and structure their financial affairs around them to access the tax benefits. The people and companies who use them do not see these as “loopholes” or “tax dodges,” but simply as good business—making use of tax benefits “that were created by the government for people like me.”  Predictably, strong and often vociferous constituencies grow up in support of these benefits, remaining circumspect until tax reform time.

In the wake of the recent difficulties encountered by the government with its small business tax reform proposals, C. Scott Clark, Peter T. Devries and Len Farber called for a full review of the taxation system in Canada. They noted that the Income Tax Act now comprises some 3,500 pages, is so complex that it presents a barrier to economic growth, and that its “key structural elements and core underlying assumptions” have not been seriously looked at for years.

It’s a familiar refrain. These arguments also echo the suggestions of many tax experts during the recent controversy, namely that instead of a piecemeal approach to one aspect of the system, the proposed changes should have been preceded by a broader review of taxation.

All of this sounds rational, but Canada does not have a stellar history of success when it comes to tax reform.

The grand-daddy of Canadian tax reforms was Kenneth Carter’s Royal Commission on Tax Reform in the 1960s. Launched by John Diefenbaker in 1962, its report was received by Lester Pearson in 1966, and responded to by the Trudeau government through a White Paper and then its 1971 Budget.

Carter took the comprehensive approach. His six exhaustive volumes suggested simplicity, fairness and balance as guiding principles, underpinned by one key recommendation: “a buck is a buck is a buck,” meaning that on both the personal and corporate sides, the basis of income tax should be all income, regardless of its source.

Carter proposed another basic rubric for approaching tax reform: “Broaden the base, lower the rate;” in other words, close deductions and write-offs that favour the few, in exchange for lower rates overall. Under Carter, deductions benefitting 10 per cent of taxpayers would be radically reduced, while personal tax rates would be lowered by more than 15 per cent for 50 per cent of taxpayers.

While Carter’s thoughtful recommendations ultimately established the basis for today’s integrated approach to personal and corporate taxation, his more detailed proposals foundered. In 1971, after years of study, finance minister Edgar Benson largely abandoned the reduction of tax benefits, due to vociferous opposition and lobbying from oil and mining companies and small business groups. The interests of the 10 per cent conquered the interests of the 50 per cent.

Allan MacEachen’s 1981 budget took a different approach. In an uncharacteristic departure from an otherwise stellar career, he launched a sneak attack with no advance context or warning, proposing to end or tighten no less than 163 “selective (tax) write-offs, exemptions and deferrals.” In fairness, he also offered a quid pro quo—lower overall income tax rates for 5.8 million Canadians.

MacEachen’s budget proposed taking down scores of tax provisions around which millions of Canadians had built their economic lives:

• It treated as a taxable benefit the employer-provided lunches of thousands of (largely women) who worked in the then retail giants of Eaton’s, Simpsons and The Bay across the country. (Is there an echo in the room? This is what the Canada Revenue Agency was proposing in 2017—taxing employee discounts—before all hell broke loose.)

• It hit employees’ supplementary health and dental plans.

• It collapsed the jobs of many in the insurance industry by killing the extensive retirement savings schemes based on the tax system.

• Professional hockey players threatened to leave Canada because of the ending of income-averaging annuity contracts.

• It even attacked the charitable contributions community.

The Progressive Conservative opposition sent out a young Ontario MP named Perrin Beatty to tap into the groundswell of anger. He held public meetings across the country, and the result was an outpouring of rage. MacEachen did not help his case when he held a background media briefing over a lavish lunch at an upscale Ottawa hotel. The media ate his food and drank his wine, then went out and skewered him for it. Within a month of the budget, the government caved and withdrew many of the proposals. MacEachen survived to produce one more budget and was then moved to External Affairs.

The third modern example of tax reform was the most successful. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Finance Minister Michael Wilson departed from the Carter and MacEachen approaches by laying out extensive groundwork for tax reform in their initial budgets and through specific consultations post-1984.

As a result, the 86-page White Paper on Tax Reform released by Wilson in June 1987 contained no surprises because of the government’s previous work on consensus-building. It proposed changes based on four key principles: fairness and equity, increased incentives to work and invest, the removal of obstacles to growth and job creation and responsible fiscal management.

In addressing the inequities that had arisen in the corporate tax system, the White Paper contained some eye-popping statistics about how corporate taxation had become skewed:

• While companies in wholesale trade paid an average of 24.5 per cent of their income in federal corporate tax, the financial sector (banks, insurance and real estate companies) and the mining sector were paying an average of 15 per cent and 14.5 per cent respectively.

• 51.3 per cent of the income of profitable companies in the financial institutions sector and 50.2 per cent of the income of firms in the mining sector was not being taxed at all, while the average of untaxed income across all industries was 27.6 per cent. Meanwhile, only 1.1 per cent of the income of profitable companies in the retail sector was not subject to tax.

• In the mining sector, the then-combined federal and provincial tax rate on new investment for large corporations was actually -15 per cent, compared to an average of +25 per cent across all sectors.

As the White Paper concluded, “the problems with our tax system … are increasingly undermining the foundation of equity on which a well-functioning tax system must rest.”

As a result, base broadening for both the corporate and personal taxation sides was a major part of the Wilson reforms. On personal taxation, the White Paper proposed the closure or reduction of many tax deductions and the conversion of others into credits, but also would collapse the existing ten personal brackets down to three, with reduced rates for each of the new brackets.

The Mulroney-Wilson approach worked. On the personal side, the government got the balance right between lowering or eliminating deductions or converting them into tax credits, and consolidating brackets and lowering tax rates across the board.  On the corporate side, the government took the time to do its research, marshal its arguments and make the case for restoring greater horizontal equity to the system.  The changes proposed in the White Paper were largely implemented.

There are several lessons for current and future governments to be taken from these three tax reform experiences.

Carter took the traditional approach, bringing huge expertise and experience to the task. While his commission resulted in an integrated approach to personal and corporate tax systems that was much-needed, his proposed closure of personal deductions as a trade-off for lowering the rate were largely abandoned. And the entire process was glacial, taking nine years from start to finish.

MacEachen’s attempt was an unalloyed disaster. By failing to prepare the way for reform through previous budgets, proposals for discussion and consultations, and springing his proposals as a sneak attack with no context, he touched off a firestorm that could not be ignored or put out, and the government was forced to retreat.

The success of the Wilson reforms was clearly due to the careful and deliberate preparatory work that preceded it—Wilson took the time to set it up and get it right. It’s also useful to note that in comparison to the two other failed attempts at tax reform, Wilson’s were probably the most modest in scope.

There’s another important lesson to note from these three experiences: tax reform winners are almost always silent, while losers can be counted on to howl and mobilize.

Contributing writer Geoff Norquay is a Principal with the Earnscliffe Strategy Group. He was previously a senior adviser to Prime Minister Brian Mulroney. geoff@earnscliffe.ca